外国人如何评价中国科举制度?
建议楼上看看宋朝科举的内容。此外，古代就有君子六艺的说法。八股文之类只是明清时的内容。
不管怎么说，古代的东西如果和现代的相比较，绝对是问题一堆的。
楼上貌似引用英文来为自己鼓气啊，可是和楼上的中文评述相对照后，我实在有点怀疑lovesuee是否掌握了基础英文。
我来简单翻译一下。（逐段对照）
Influence
The Imperial examinations (Traditional Chinese: 科舉; Pinyin: kējǔ) in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted...全部
建议楼上看看宋朝科举的内容。此外，古代就有君子六艺的说法。八股文之类只是明清时的内容。
不管怎么说，古代的东西如果和现代的相比较，绝对是问题一堆的。
楼上貌似引用英文来为自己鼓气啊，可是和楼上的中文评述相对照后，我实在有点怀疑lovesuee是否掌握了基础英文。
我来简单翻译一下。（逐段对照）
Influence
The Imperial examinations (Traditional Chinese: 科舉; Pinyin: kējǔ) in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the state's bureaucracy。
The Imperial Examination System in China lasted for 1300 years, from its founding in 605 to its abolition near the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1905。
影响：
中华帝国官方考试（繁体中文词：科舉；拼音：kējǔ），决定了哪些国民被政府机构录取。这个考试体系建立于605年，废止于清末的1905年，在中国持续了1300年。
The Chinese Imperial examination system had international influence throughout East Asia。
It was modelled by the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty for the Yangban class in Korea (see Gwageo) until its annexation by Japan。
This had also been modelled in Vietnam from 1075 to 1919。 Japan modelled this in the Heian period; however, the influence was under minor nobilities only and was replaced by the system in the Samurai era。
科举制度在东亚有广泛的国际影响。朝鲜半岛历代的各国模仿了该制度，并执行到其被日本兼并时。越南也模仿了该制度，从1075年执行到1919年。日本的（附：文艺兴盛的）平安时代（附：1200年前）也模仿了该制度，但其影响只限于下层贵族，并在武士时代（附：似乎是1603到1867，不知道是否弄错了）被世袭制度代替。
-------
Scholar-bureaucrats or scholar-officials were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance during the Qing Dynasty。
These officials mostly came from the well-educated men known as the scholar-gentry。 These men had earned academic degrees (such as xiucai, juren, or jinshi) by passing rigorous civil service examinations。
The scholar-bureaucrats were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts。 They dominated the politics of China at the time。
清朝时，文人官僚或者文人公务员是为国家服务的人员，被皇帝指派来处理帝国的日常事物。这些官员们多数受过良好教育，被称为因有功名而享受特权的学者（附：据说清朝举人见官不拜，不知是否如此）。这些人曾通过了严格的国家公务员考试而有一定的学历（如秀才、举人、进士）。
这些人研究学习了书法和儒家经典，他们是当时中国政治界的主流。
As no more than 5% of them could become officials, the majority of the scholar-gentry stayed in local villages or cities as social leaders。
The scholar-gentry carried out social welfare measures, taught in private schools, helped decide minor legal disputes, supervised community projects, maintained local law and order, conducted Confucian ceremonies, assisted in the government's collection of taxes, and preached Confucian moral teachings。
As a class, these scholars represented morality and virtue。 Although they received no official salary and were not government officials, their contributions and cooperation were much needed by the district magistrate in governing local areas, and received contributions from the imperial dynasty as well。
这些人中不超过５％的人会被录取为正式官员，大部分有功名在身的学子会留在乡村（附：或老家？）或城市，成为当地有影响力的人物。他们施行当地的社会福利措施（附：施粥？），在私塾教书，解决普通的法律纠纷，主管当地的公共工程建设，维护当地的法律和秩序，主持儒家祭奠，协助收税，宣扬儒家思想。
作为一个社会阶层，他们代表了道德和美德。他们没有官方身份，也没有工资补助，但是地方官员要正常的履行职责却离不开他们的合作和帮助；相对的，官方也回馈以奖励。
Examinations
The examinations consisted of a battery of tests administered at the district, provincial, and metropolitan levels。
Tight quotas restricted the number of successful candidates in each test — for example, only three-hundred students could pass the metropolitan examinations。
Students often took the examinations several times before earning a degree。
考试：
整个考试分成地方、省、国家等级别。
考试中的录取人数有严格的名额限制。——比如，殿试名额只有３００人。学子们往往屡试方的。
Each student taking the exam arrived at an examination compound with only a few amenities: a water pitcher, a chamber pot, bedding, food, an inkstone, ink, and brushes。
Guards would verify the students' identities and search them for hidden printed materials。 Each exam taker spent three days and two nights writing "eight-legged essays" — literary compositions with eight distinct sections — in a tiny room with a makeshift bed, desk, and bench。
There were no interruptions in those three days, nor were candidates allowed any communication。
If someone died during an exam, officials wrapped his body in a straw mat and tossed it over the high walls tha
t ringed the compound。
学子们只能带一些东西进考场：。。。。
（这里介绍了考试流程，提到了八腿文，也就是八股文。纯技术性，从略）
Civil service exams remained intensely competitive, yet a degree at any level did not ensure government service。
Those who only passed the district level exam had a much poorer chance of being a part of the imperial bureaucracy than those who passed the metropolitan level exam。
During the Qing dynasty, the empire's one million degree holders competed for only 20,000 official civil service positions。
Those who did not get to serve the government spent their careers "plowing with the writing brush" by becoming local teachers or tutors。
这种国家公务员考试竞争激烈，得到学历也不保证能当官。通过乡试者的机会比通过殿试者低得多。清朝时，国家１００万有功名在身的学子要京城２００００个职位。为录取者“耕读持家”（附：或者说用毛笔耕地？），成为当地的公共或家庭教师。
Effect
This system created a meritocracy with best students running the country。 The examinations gave many people the opportunity to pursue power and honor — and thus encouraged serious pursuit of formal education。
And since the system did not formally discriminate based on social status, it provided an avenue for upward social mobility。
The exams themselves were open to all males regardless of age or social class。 However, since years of education and travel to exam sites were expensive, wealthy families enjoyed advantages over others。
影响：（附：褒贬全在这一段吧）
这个考试系统把知识界精英聚集起来管理国家，许多人因此而有机会去追求权利和荣耀——而这进一步肯定了正统教育的地位。由于这个系统本身不包含和社会地位有关的歧视政策，因而它使纵向的社会身份改变成为可能。
这个制度对所有男性开放，不问年龄，但由于教育花费和进京考试的路费等昂贵支出，使富裕家庭有一定优势。
Also, since the examinations focused on Confucian classics and neo-Confucian commentaries, the exams guaranteed that Confucianism would be at the heart of Chinese education and that Confucians would govern the state。
同时，由于考试内容限于儒家经典和后世的相关评述，这个考试确保了儒家思想成为中国教育体系的核心内容，和国家的指导思想。
（翻译结束）
评论：
这个英文段落肯定了儒家在周遍地区的影响（楼上没看到这段么？）；
肯定过儒家学说对于稳定国家统治的作用（参考乡绅和地方官那段）；
这个文章主要讨论的对象是清朝，封建社会最后的三百年；
里面貌似没有什么儒家思想负面作用的说法。
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
至于楼上的“马克思就认为中国没什么科学”的说法。
我只能说，所谓寻章摘句就是你这样——抽出牛人说的词组成自己的话，把原来的上下文用自己的观点代替，目的是唬弄自己和别人。
收起
