荷兰高等教育有什么样的概况？

荷兰高等教育学位制度是什么样的？

　荷兰有诸多学习项目，有各种类型的学位。 　　如果你注册荷兰的高等教育项目，在完成本科阶段的学习之后你将拿到学士学位，完成研究所阶段的学习之后你可以拿到硕士学位。 　　Research universities and universities of applied sciences award both bachelor's and master's degrees。 Institutes for International Education offer master’s programmes, but no bachelor’s programmes。 　　If you wa...全部

  　荷兰有诸多学习项目，有各种类型的学位。 　　如果你注册荷兰的高等教育项目，在完成本科阶段的学习之后你将拿到学士学位，完成研究所阶段的学习之后你可以拿到硕士学位。 　　Research universities and universities of applied sciences award both bachelor's and master's degrees。
   Institutes for International Education offer master’s programmes, but no bachelor’s programmes。
   　　If you want to continue after your master's to get a PhD degree, you have to go to a research university。
   　　研究型大学和应用技术大学都颁发学士学位和硕士学位。国际教育机构提供硕士课程，但不提供学士课程。 　　完成硕士学习之后如果你还想继续攻读博士学位，你就需要读研究型大学。 Type of institution Degrees and duration Research universities Bachelor of Science (BSc): 3 years Bachelor of Arts (BA): 3 years Master of Science (MSc): 1-2 years Master of Arts (MA): 1-2 years PDEng: 2 years PhD: 4 years Universities of applied sciences Associate (Ad): 2 years Bachelor (B): 4 years Master (M): 1-2 years Institutes for international education Master of Science (MSc): 1-2 years Master of Arts (MA): 1-2 years PhD (only possible at 1 institute): duration is flexible 机构类型 学位和时限 研究型大学 理科学士: 3年 文科学士: 3年 理科硕士: 1-2年 文科硕士: 1-2年 专业工程博士: 2年 博士: 4年 应用技术大学 专科学位: 2年 学士: 4年 硕士: 1-2年 国际教育机构 理科硕士: 1-2年 文科硕士: 1-2年 博士 (只可以在一个机构): 时限不定 　　1。
  Associate 　　Universities of applied sciences provide short-cycle professional higher education leading to the associate degree。
   It is a relatively new type of higher education that is offered during the first two years of some bachelor’s programmes in higher professional education。
   　　1。专科 　　应用技术大学提供专科学位短期职业高等教育。这是一种相对新颖的高等教育类型，在高等教育的某些学士项目的前两年中提供有。 　　Currently almost 60 associate degree programmes are available in the specialisations Behaviour and Society, Health care, Engineering, Economics, Agriculture and the Natural Environment and Language and Culture。
   　　目前，行为与社会、医疗、工程、经济学、农业与自然环境、语言与文化等专业方向开设有近60个专科学位。 　　An associate degree in the applied arts and sciences requires 120 credits (two years), and students who complete the two-year programme can continue studying for a bachelor’s degree in the applied arts and sciences。
   　　应用艺术与学科的专科学位要求120个学分(两年)，完成该两年制课程的学生可以继续学习应用技术与科学学士学位。 Duration Credits Degree awarded 2 years 120 Associate Degree (Ad) 时限 学分 授予学位 2年 120 专科学位 　　2。
  Bachelor's 　　You can get a bachelor’s degree at a research university or at a university of applied sciences: there are plenty of options to find the programme that suits you best。
   　　Bachelor’s at universities of applied sciences 　　2。学士 　　可以在研究型大学获取学士学位，可以在应用技术大学获取：有很多选项供你选择，供你找到最适合自己的课程。
   　　At universities of applied sciences you can enrol in bachelor’s programmes in a broad range of disciplines, such as economics, health care, fine arts, agriculture and so on。
   Within each discipline there is a large variety of programmes, which can vary in content from one institution to the next。
   　　在应用技术大学，你可以注册诸多学科领域的学士课程，比如经济学、医疗、美术、农业等。每个学科内部又有诸多课程，每个机构的课程内容不尽一样。 　　Universities of applied sciences have a great deal of freedom in determining the content and structure of their programmes。
   This has led to the introduction of honours programmes for talented students, of majors and minors, and dual programmes, in which you study for a while and then work for a period of time。
   Most bachelor’s programmes are structured around a first year (propedeuse), followed by the main phase of three years。
   　　应用技术大学在课程内容与课程结构设置方面有极大的自由。有为优秀学生设置的荣誉课程，有主修和副修，还有双重课程——在双重课程里你可以先学习一段时间，然后工作一段时间。大多数学士课程围绕第一学年展开，然后进入三年的主要阶段。
   　　The focus of the programmes is on providing you with the necessary skills and competencies for a job in a specific field。
   This means that you will get practical, hands-on experience through internships, in addition to classroom instruction, working on projects and group assignments。
   After obtaining a bachelor's degree you can enroll in a master's programme or you can start working in your field of study。
   　　课程的重点在于为你提供特定工作必需的技能和竞争力。这意味着你将参与实习，亲自获取实践经验，而不只是参与课程学习、完成小组作业。拿到学士学位之后吗，你可以注册硕士课程，也可以开始从事专业领域的工作。
   Duration Credits Degree awarded 4 years 240 Bachelor of [field of study] for example Bachelor of Engineering, B Eng 时限 学分 授予学位 4 年 240 专业学士，比如工程学士 　　Bachelor’s at research-oriented universities 　　At research universities you can enrol in bachelor’s programmes in a range of disciplines, such as economics, behavioural and social sciences, language and culture, engineering/technology, natural sciences, law or medical sciences。
   You can also choose an interdisciplinary programme in liberal arts: these programmes are offered by several university colleges around the country。
   　　研究型大学学士 　　在研究型大学，你可以注册诸多学科领域的课程，比如经济学、行为与社会科学、语言与文化、工程技术、自然科学、法律、医学科学。你也可以选择文科方面的跨学科课程：这些大学由荷兰的少数几所大学提供。
   　　The purpose of research-oriented bachelor’s programmes is to prepare you for further study as well as employment and to teach you the academic and scientific skills associated with a traditional, academic university programme。
   　　研究型学士课程的目的在于为你准备进一步的学习和就业，教授传统学术大学课程相关的专业技能和科学技能。 　　The content of the programmes can vary from broad to very specialised。
   At some institutions you need to complete both a major and a minor subject。 At almost all bachelor’s programmes you need to do a course in research methodology and a bachelor’s thesis。
   After completing your bachelor's degree, you can continue studying for a master's degree, or you can start working in your field of study。
   　　课程范围可以很广，也可以只涉及某个方面的内容。某些大学要求你同时学习主修和副修。几乎所有学士项目都要求你学习方法论研究课程，要求写学士论文。完成学士学位之后，你可以继续攻读硕士学位，也可以从事专业领域的工作。
   Duration Credits Degree awarded 3 years 180 Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science (BA/BSc), depending on the discipline。
   时限 学分 授予学位 3 年 180 文科学士或理科学士，取决于学科 　　3。Master's 　　Master’s at universities of applied sciences 　　The primary goal of master’s programmes offered by universities of applied sciences is to increase your knowledge and professional expertise at the graduate level。
   The focus is on further improving your professional competence, clinical and analytical skills and preparing you for managerial and leadership positions in a particular field。
   　　硕士 　　应用技术大学硕士 　　应用技术大学硕士项目的主要目标是增加你研究所阶段的知识和专业技能。焦点在于进一步提供你的专业能力、临床技能和分析技能，为你在特定领域的管理职位和领导职位做准备。
   　　Some programmes are full-time, but the majority are given part-time, as you will usually need to be employed in the specific profession already。
   This allows you to apply classroom theory to daily practice, and to bring real-life experience back to the classroom, to discuss with your teachers and fellow students。
   　　某些项目是全日制的，但大部分项目是兼职性质的，因为你通常需要在特定职业工作。这使得你有机会将课堂理论付诸实践，又将实际生活经验带回课程，和你的老师和同学一起谈论。 　　In many programmes you also need to do some type of applied research, based on practical experience you gained at work。
   　　Master’s programmes last at least one year (60 credits),but many are longer, ranging from 1,5 to four years (90—240 credits)。
   　　许多项目还要求你根据工作中获得的经验，做某种类型的应用研究。 　　硕士项目至少持续一年(60个学分)，不过许多硕士项目要持续更久，从一年半到四年(90—240个学分)不等。 Duration Credits Degree awarded 1-4 years 60-240 Master of [field of study] for example Master of Architecture, M Arch 时限 学分 授予学位 1-4 年 60-240 专业硕士，比如工程硕士 　　Master’s at research universities 　　The primary goal of research-oriented master’s programmes is to provide you with the necessary knowledge and analytical skills at the graduate level, so that you can carry out independent research either in a specific field or in a multidisciplinary field。
   　　研究型大学硕士 　　研究型硕士项目的主要目标是为学生提供研究生阶段必要的知识和分析技能，以便学生可以独立从事特定领域或跨领域研究。 　　There is a variety of master’s programmes to choose from: 　　1。
  academic master’s providing advanced training in preparation for employment; 　　2。research master’s in which you are engaged in scientific research; 　　3。
  teacher training master’s programmes, that prepare you to teach at all levels of secondary education。
   　　有许多硕士项目可供选择： 　　1。专业硕士——提供高级就业基础培训; 　　2。研究硕士——有机会从事科学研究; 　　3。教师培训硕士——为你在中学各阶段的教学做准备， 　　The minimum length of a master’s programme is one year (60 credits), but research master’s, teacher training master’s and programmes in engineering, mathematics, natural science and agriculture are two years (120 credits) in length。
   　　Advanced professional programmes in the medical sciences, such as medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine and pharmacy take a total of three years (180 ects) of study。
   　　硕士项目的最短时限为一年(60个学分)，不过研究硕士、教师培训硕士和工程、数学、自然科学、农业方面的项目时限为两年(120个学分)。 　　医学科学高级职业项目(如医学、牙医学、兽医学和药剂学)需要三年(180个学分)时间学习。
   Duration Credits Degree awarded 1-3 years 60-180 Master of Arts or Master of Science (MA/MSc) degree, depending on the discipline 时限 学分 授予学位 1-3 年 60-180 文科硕士或理科硕士，取决于学科 　　4。
  PDEng 　　In addition to doctorate PhD programmes, the three universities of technology in the Holland also offer technological designer programmes known as PDEng (Professional Doctorate in Engineering)。
   　　This tailor-made programme is designed for MSc graduates who are able to create high level, technological and innovative designs for complex issues with a multidisciplinary character。
   　　专业工程博士 　　除了博士项目，荷兰的三所技术大学还提供技术设计项目，即专业工程博士。 　　这个特设的项目适用于具有跨学科视野、有能力为复杂问题提出高水准创新性技术设计的硕士学生。 　　Additional dimension: interdisciplinary work 　　The goal of a PDEng programme is to provide an additional dimension to a full master’s programme by extending it and adding new elements to it。
   A PDEng student develops the competencies for synthesis and interdisciplinary work。 　　另一维：跨学科工作 　　专业工程博士的目标是通过延长和添加新元素，为完整硕士项目增加维度。
  专业工程博士生培养综合和跨学科工作能力。 　　A PDEng graduate (a technological designer) has the competencies to create innovative technological solutions for products, processes, and systems。
   The solutions are based on functional requirements as well as on business and market requirements, within the context of society as a whole。
   　　专业工程博士毕业生(技术设计者)有能力为产品、程序和系统设计创新性的技术解决方案。解决方案基于社会整体语境下的功能需求和商业市场需求。 　　The technological designer programmes take two years to complete。
   During the first year extensive knowledge and experience of the latest design methods and their applications is gained。
   The second year of the programme is spent in industry, where the PDEng trainee works on an individual design assignment at a high–tech company。
   　　技术设计者项目需要两年时间完成。第一年学习最新设计方法和应用相关的拓展知识和经验。项目的第二年在企业学习，学生在高科技企业接受个人设计任务实训。 Duration Credits Degree awarded 2 years 120 Professional Doctorate in Engineering (PDEng) 时限 学分 授予学位 2 年 120 专业工程博士 　　5。
  PhD 　　Pursuing a PhD means spending a minimum of four years conducting original research and writing a dissertation。
   Throughout this time, PhD candidates work in close collaboration with their supervisor。 A PhD is not regarded as study, but as serious research and PhD candidates in the Netherlands are often in paid employment。
   　　博士 　　攻读博士意味着至少要花四年时间从事原创性研究和论文写作。在这期间，博士候选人和导师密切合作。博士研究不叫学习，而被视作严肃研究，荷兰的博士候选人一般都是带薪在岗。 　　Why choose Holland for your PhD? 　　Holland has: 　　excellent graduate schools; 　　a large variety of research fields and extensive interdisciplinary collaboration; 　　world-class research: twelve Dutch research universities are ranked in the top 200 of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2015; 　　mostly paid employment contracts for PhD candidates。
   　　为什么选择自爱荷兰攻读博士? 　　荷兰有优秀的研究生院; 　　有众多领域研究和广泛的跨学科合作; 　　有世界一流的研究：12所研究型大学排进2015年《泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名》的前200名; 　　有博士候选人带薪在岗协议。
   　　Research schools and graduate schools 　　All PhD candidates are part of a graduate school or research school。
   Research schools are partnerships between multiple research universities and research institutes, while graduate schools are organised within universities。
   Both provide an inspiring research environment, offering tailor-made study programmes, master classes, seminars and conferences。
   　　研究所和研究生院 　　所有的博士候选人都是研究生院或研究所的一部分。研究所与诸多研究型大学和研究机构有合作关系，研究生院则在大学内部展开。两者都提供有富于启发的研究环，提供有特设的学习项目、硕士班、研讨会和学术会议。
   　　A Dutch PhD is highly regarded 　　Once your dissertation is approved for publication, you will attend the public defence of your research and will be awarded the PhD at a ceremony steeped in tradition。
   A PhD from a Dutch university is highly regarded because of the high academic standards。 The Netherlands has an excellent international ranking for the number of publications per researcher (2nd) and for the impact of research publication (4th)。
   　　荷兰博士被高度看好 　　一旦论文被批准，可以发表之后，你将参加论文答辩，并在传统仪式上被授予博士学位。荷兰大学博士被高度看好，因为它秉持学术高标准。在研究员出版物数量和学术出版物影响力方面，荷兰有很好的国际排名：前者排名第二，后者排名第四。
   　　Where are PhDs offered? 　　In Holland, research is carried out by research universities, research institutes and companies, but only research universities can award PhD degrees。
   Other research institutes that work in close collaboration with a research university may also offer PhD positions。
   　　在哪里攻读博士? 　　在赫莲娜，研究型大学、研究机构和企业都从事研究，但只有研究型大学有权力颁发博士学位。其他和研究型大学有密切合作的研究机构可能也提供有博士职位。 　　Most PhD posts will often be advertised on job boards, such as AcademicTransfer, in scientific journals, or on notice boards at other institutions。
   If you see a PhD position that interests you, contact the institution directly about the application procedure。
   　　大部分博士职位一般都会在职位公告板上刊登，比如在AcademicTransfer、科学期刊或其他机构的布告牌上刊登。如果看到有感兴趣的博士职位，你可以直接联系机构，了解申请详情。 　　Your own research proposal 　　If you have a specific research proposal of your own and cannot find a vacancy to match it, you may pitch your idea to universities or research groups that conduct research in the relevant field and are able to provide funding。
   　　个人研究计划 　　如果你有特别的研究计划，但找不到匹配的职位，你可以将你的想法告诉从事相关领域研究且有能力提供资金的大学和研究团队。收起