英文问题by,till和until有
牛津高阶英汉双解词典
till 1
=> until。 till 2
/ tɪl; tɪl/ n
drawer in which money is kept behind the counter in a shop, bank, etc or in a cash register （店铺、 银行等的）放钱的抽屉。
(idm 习语) have, etc one's fingers in the till => finger。 till 3
/ tɪl; tɪl/ v [Tn] prepare and use (land) for growing c...全部
牛津高阶英汉双解词典
till 1
=> until。 till 2
/ tɪl; tɪl/ n
drawer in which money is kept behind the counter in a shop, bank, etc or in a cash register （店铺、 银行等的）放钱的抽屉。
(idm 习语) have, etc one's fingers in the till => finger。 till 3
/ tɪl; tɪl/ v [Tn] prepare and use (land) for growing crops 耕（地）。
> tillage / ˈtɪlɪdʒ; ˋtɪlɪdʒ/ n [U]
action or process of tilling 耕种; 耕作。
tilled land 耕过的田地。
tiller n person who tills 耕种者; 农夫。
牛津高阶英汉双解词典
until
/ ənˈtɪl; ənˋtɪl/ (also till) (till more informal; until usu preferred in initial position *till多用於口语; until通常用於句首) conj up to the time when 直到。
。。时（为止）: Wait until the rain stops。 等到雨停了再说吧。 * Don't leave till I arrive。 我不来你不要离开。 * Continue in this direction until you see a sign。
一直朝着这个方向走就看见指示牌了。 * Until she spoke I hadn't realized she was foreign。 她要不说话我还一直不知道她是外国人。 * I won't stop shouting until you let me go。
你不放我走我就一直喊叫。 * No names are being released until (ie before) the relatives have been told。 只有在通知这些人的亲属以后才可透露其姓名。
> until (also till) prep (a) up to (a specified time) 直到（某一时刻）: wait until tomorrow 等到明天 * It maylast till Friday。
这可能要延续到星期五。 * Nothing happeneduntil (ie before) 5 o'clock。 五点钟以前没有出现任何迹象。 * The street is full of traffic from morning till night。
这条街从早到晚行人车辆很多。 * Until now I have always lived alone。 我一直独自生活至今。 * I'd like to stay here up until Christmas。
我想在这儿呆到圣诞节。 (b) up to the time of (a specified event) 直到（发生某事）: The secret was never told until after the old man's death。
这个秘密在老人去世后才说出来。 * Don't open it till your birthday。 等到你过生日那天再打开。 * She was a bank clerk until the war, when she trained as a nurse。
她战前是个银行职员, 战时受训当了护士。
牛津高阶英汉双解词典
by 1
/ baɪ; baɪ/ adv part
near 靠近: He stole the money when no one was by。
他趁旁边无人时把钱偷走了。 * He lives close/near by。 他住在附近。
past 经过: drive, go, run, walk, etc by 驶过; 经过; 跑过; 走过等 * He hurried by without speaking to me。
他匆匆经过没有跟我说话。 * Excuse me, I can't get by。 劳驾, 请让我过去。 * Time goes by so quickly。 时间过得真快。
aside; in reserve 在旁边; 保留: lay/put/set sth by 把某物摆[放/搁]在一边 * I always keep a bottle of wine by in case friends call round。
我平时总存着一瓶酒以备朋友来时喝。
(idm习语)byand`by(dated旧)beforelong;soon不久;马上:They'llbearrivingbyandby。他们不久就要到达。
bytheby/bye=bytheway(way1)。byandlarge=> 2/ baɪ; baɪ/ prep
near (sb/sth); at the side of; beside 靠近（某人[某物]）; 在。
。。旁边; 在。。。附近: a house by the church, river, railway 教堂、 河流、 铁路附近的一所房子 * The telephone is by the window。
电话在窗户那儿。 * Come and sit by me。 来坐在我身旁。 * We had a day by the sea。 我们在海边度过了一天。
(showing the route taken) passing through (sth or a place); along; across （表示路线）通过（某物或某地）; 顺着; 越过: He entered by the back door。
他从后门进入。 * We travelled to Rome by Milan and Florence。 我们途经米兰和佛罗伦萨到达罗马。 * We came by country roads, not by the motorway。
我们是沿着乡间的路来的, 不是从高速公路来的。
past (sb/sth) 经过（某人[某物]）: He walked by me without speaking。 他从我身边走过, 没说一句话。
* I go by the church every morning on my way to work。 我每天早晨上班要经过教堂。
not later than (a time); before 不迟於（某时）; 在。
。。之前: Can you finish the work by five o'clock/tomorrow/next Monday? 你能在五点钟[明天/下星期一]以前做完这工作吗? * By this time next week we shall be in New York。
下星期的这个时候我们将在纽约。 * He ought to have arrived by now/by this time。 此时此刻他早该到了。 * By the time (that) this letter reaches you I will have left the country。
你接到这封信时, 我已离开这个国家了。
(usu without the 通常不用 the) (emphasizing the circumstances of an action) during (a period of time) or in (sth) （强调行动的客观情况）在（某时期）内; 在（某情况）下: travel by day/night 白天[夜间]旅行 * She sleeps by day and works by night。
她白天睡觉, 夜间工作。 * The view is best seen by daylight/moonlight。 此处风景在日光[月光]下观赏最美。 * Reading by (ie with the use of) artificial light is bad for the eyes。
阅读时使用人工照明会损害眼睛。
(usu after a passive v 通常用於被动式动词之后) (a) through the action, power or work of (sb/sth) 借（某人[某事物]）的动作、 力量或作品: a play (written) by Shakespeare 莎士比亚（写）的剧本 * a church designed by Wren 雷恩所设计的教堂 * He was arrested by the police。
他被警方逮捕了。 * He was shot by a terrorist with a machine-gun。 他被恐怖分子用机关枪打死了。 * run over by a bus 被公共汽车碾过 * struck by lightning 遭闪电击中。
(b) through the means of (sth/doing sth) 通过（某事物[做某事物]）的方式: The room is heated by gas/oil。 这房间是用煤气[油]取暖的。
* May I pay by cheque? 我可以用支票付款吗? * I shall contact you by letter/telephone。 我将写信[打电话]和你联系。 * He earns his living by writing。
他靠写作为生。 * You switch the radio on by pressing this button。 按这个按钮就能开收音机。 * By working hard he gained rapid promotion。
他工作努力因而晋级很快。
(without the 不用 the) as a result of (sth); because of; through 因（某事物）所致; 由於; 凭藉: meet by chance 不期而遇 * achieve sth by skill, determination, etc 凭技艺、 决心等实现某事物 * do sth by mistake/accident 误做某事[碰巧而做某事] * The coroner's verdict was `death by misadventure'。
验尸官鉴定为意外事故造成的死亡。
with the action of (doing sth) 以（做某事）的行动: Let me begin by saying。。。 让我首先说这样一件事, 。
。。 * He shocked the whole company by resigning。 他辞职的消息全公司都感到震惊。
(indicating a means of transport or a route taken 表示运输或取道的方式): travel by boat/bus/car/plane 乘船[公共汽车/小汽车/飞机]旅行 * travel by air/land/sea 航空[陆路/航海]旅行。
(indicating a part of the body, or an item of clothing touched, held, etc 表示被触及、 被持住等的身体或衣物某处): take sb by the hand 抓住某人的手 * seize sb by the hair, collar, lapel, etc 抓住某人的头发、 衣领、 翻领等 * grab sb by the scruff of the neck 抓住某人的颈背。
(with the 与the连用) using (sth) as a standard or unit 以（某事物）为标准或单位: rent a car by the day/week/month 按日[周/月]租用汽车 * sell eggs by the dozen, material by the yard, coal by the ton 卖蛋论打、 卖布论码、 卖煤论吨 * pay sb by the day/hour 按天[小时]付给某人款 * We sell ice-creams by the thousand in the summer。
我们在夏天出售的冰激凌数以千计。
in successive units, groups or degrees of 以连续的单位、 批量或程度计: improving day by day, little by little, bit by bit, etc 一天一天地、 一些一些地、 一点一点地。
。。改善 * The children came in two by two。 孩子两个两个地进来。
(a) (showing the dimensions of a rectangle or a cube 表示长方形或立方体的大小): The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet。
这房间十五英尺宽二十英尺长。 (b) (in multiplication or division 用於乘法或除法运算): 6 (multiplied/divided) by 2 equals 12/3。
6（乘[除]）以2等於12[3]。
to the extent of (sth) 到（某事物）的程度: The bullet missed him by two inches。 那子弹差两英寸就打中他了。
* The carpet is too short by three feet。 那地毯短了三英尺。 * It would be better by far (ie much better) to。
。。。 那比。。。好多了。
according to (sth); from the evidence of 按照（某事物）; 根据: By my watch it is two o'clock。
我的表现在是两点钟。 * Judging by appearances can be misleading。 凭外表下判断是会误事的。 * I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened。
我一看她的脸色就知道出了大事了。
in accordance with (sth); in agreement with 按照（某事物）; 符合: play a game by the rules 按规则做游戏 * by sb's leave, ie with sb's permission 得到某人的许可。
with respect to (sb/sth); with regard to 涉及（某人[某事物]）; 关於: be German by birth, a solicitor by profession, a joiner by trade 出生地为德国、 职业为律师、 行业为细木工 * do one's duty by sb 尽到自己对某人的责任。
(in oaths 用於誓词) in the name of (sb/sth) 以（某人[某事物]）的名义: By God! 上帝可以作证! * I swear by Almighty God。
。。, by all that I hold dear。。。, etc 我在全能的上帝面前、 以我的一切起誓。。。。
(idm 习语) have/keep sth by one have sth close to one; have sth within easy reach 将某物放在身边; 使手边有某物: I keep a dictionary by me when I'm doing crosswords。
我做纵横填字游戏时, 手边总放着一本词典。
by-
(also bye-) pref 前缀 (with ns or vs 与名词或动词连用)
of secondary importance; incidental 次要的; 附带的: by-product * bye-law。
near 接近: bystander * bypass。收起
