谁能介绍下托福阅读中的语法小词名
首先,咱们先来看一下名词。
名词,几乎在所有语法书里都是放在第一位去讲的,在咱们中学的英语课本中也是这样,可见它的重要性。那小小的名词在咱们托福阅读中到底有什么作用呢?首先同学们,咱们先来想一下名词都分成哪几大类?很简单,名词分成了专有名词和普通名词两大类。 普通名词按照它的可数性我们还可以分成可数名词和不可数名词。可能这个时候有的同学会说了:“我印象中只记得可数名词和不可数名词了,对专有名词怎么完全没有印象呢?”是的,在咱们的语法学习中相比较专有名词来说,普通名词中的可数和不可数我们更加熟悉,因为我们所涉及的与语法有关的考试中都会对单复数这块进行考察,而往往是不是专有名词这块我们...全部
首先,咱们先来看一下名词。
名词,几乎在所有语法书里都是放在第一位去讲的,在咱们中学的英语课本中也是这样,可见它的重要性。那小小的名词在咱们托福阅读中到底有什么作用呢?首先同学们,咱们先来想一下名词都分成哪几大类?很简单,名词分成了专有名词和普通名词两大类。
普通名词按照它的可数性我们还可以分成可数名词和不可数名词。可能这个时候有的同学会说了:“我印象中只记得可数名词和不可数名词了,对专有名词怎么完全没有印象呢?”是的,在咱们的语法学习中相比较专有名词来说,普通名词中的可数和不可数我们更加熟悉,因为我们所涉及的与语法有关的考试中都会对单复数这块进行考察,而往往是不是专有名词这块我们因为认为太过于简单所以在考察语法的考试中是不会出现的。
但是在咱们的托福阅读中情况有点小变化,专有名词更值得说一下,因为专有名词显得更加重要一些,它在阅读中的特点会多一些,我们只要掌握好了它的这几个小特点就可以帮助我们加快阅读速度。
那么咱们先来看一下专有名词的概念:专有名词是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称,即:人名,地名,月份等等。
专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。看完专有名词的概念后我们抓到的它的一个非常重要的特点就是它的首字母一定会大写。或许有的学生会问:这点有那么重要吗?我的答案是:非常重要!因为我们想一下,咱们的托福阅读文章首先是科普类的文章,在科普类文章中会出现一些我们比较陌生的专有名词,一旦出现这种词的时候往往有些同学因为看到单词不认识就不敢继续读下去了, 其实这个时候我们只要记住专有名词的第一个阅读技巧就可以帮助我们越过这个读句子的障碍,这个技巧就是在句子中遇到专有名词的时候即使不认识也不要紧,直接用首字母代替这个词,快速扫过,继续接着读后面的内容,这些大写的专有名词并不会妨碍我们理解整个句子的意思。
比如: The New Deal was designed by President Roosevelt in the 1930s。 (选自《新托福考试专项进阶-初级》)在这句话中我们只需要把专有名词用首字母代替就可以简化整句,变成 ND was designed by PR in the 1930s。
这句话我们就可以非常简单的理解成“在20世纪30年代的时候某个东西被某个总统提出来了”。另外的一个特点就是在一篇科普类的文章中除了数字之外就是专有名词会比较让我们一眼就能找到,而找显眼的词这个技巧在咱们的很多题型中,比如细节题、推断题都是需要掌握的一点也就是我们经常会说到的定位, 而对于我们来说如果在题干中我们看到了专有名词既大写的单词的时候就比较容易用这些词来去定位, 因为大写的名词在原段落中很容易一眼就能找到,还有就是它的样子是不会发生改变的。
我们来看一道TPO中的题:
How had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832? ( 选自TPO4 Deer population of the Puget Sound )
A。
The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company。
B。 Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort。
C。 Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed。
D。 Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased。
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country。
The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal。
Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances。
They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk。
To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer。 And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation。
Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate。
David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832。
A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops。
"
这是这篇文章中的一个细节题,那我们解题的方法就是先从题干中找关键词来定位,而这个题特别明显的一点就是通过这两个专有名词来定位,我们只需要把FV和DD这两个词所在的句子在段落中找出来读一下就可以找到这个题的答案,既快速读完段落中的这部分文字: when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate。
David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832。
A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops。
" 我们得到的信息是:鹿群的数量减少了,所以综合四个选项我们就能够得出这个题的答案是C选项。
说完了专有名词之后当然要说一下普通名词了。普通名词在咱们阅读中需要注意的一个很重要的一点是它的同义替换,甚至是一个名词短语用一个动词词组来代替,比如在TPO4 Petroleum Resources这篇文章中有道细节题是这样问的:
which of the following strategies for oil exploration is described in paragraph 4 and paragraph5 ?
如果我们按照从题干定位关键词oil exploration来代入原段落:
As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments。
The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries。
Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean’s continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents。
More than one-quarter of the world’s oil and almost one-fifth of the world’s natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land。
A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway。
Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered。 It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling。
Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands。
Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface。
The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground。
我们会发现在原段落中是没有oil exploration这个词的,但是如果我们能够知道exploration就等于search for 的话我们就能够在原段落中找到search for oil这个词,然后再根据这个词来读相应的句子就可以得出这个题的答案了。
所以说,对于普通名词来说我们需要在记忆单词的时候多记忆一些词的同义词替换才可以,相比较专有名词来说,普通名词没有技巧只有多多努力扩充自己的词汇储备才可以。收起