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Switzerland Switzerland’s independence and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers, and Switzerland was not involved in either of the two World Wars。 The political and economic integration of Europe over the past half century, as well as Switzerland’s role in many UN and ...全部
Switzerland Switzerland’s independence and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers, and Switzerland was not involved in either of the two World Wars。
The political and economic integration of Europe over the past half century, as well as Switzerland’s role in many UN and international organization, has strengthened Switzerland’s ties with its neighbors。
1。 Name and Flag of the Country Official name Swiss Confederation Capital Bern 3)Flag The white cross on the red back。
2。 Language and people The official languages of Switzerland are German (spoken by about 64 percent of population), French (19 percent), and Italian (7 percent)。
The fourth national languages, Romansh, are spoken by less than 1 percent of the people。 Other language spoken include Spanish Portuguese and Turkish。
The population of Switzerland is about 7。3 million。 More than 75% of the population lives in central plain, which stretches between the Alps and the Jura Mountains and from Geneva in the southwest to the Rhine River and Lake Constance in the northeast。
The Constitution guarantees freedom of worship, and the different religious communities co-exist peacefully。
Switzerland consistently ranks high quality of life indices, including highest per capita income, one of the highest concentrations of computer and Internet usage per capital, highest insurance coverage per individual and high health care rates。
3。 Geography Switzerland federal republic in west central Europe, bounded on the north by Germany, on the east by Austria and Liechtenstein, on the south by Italy and on the west by France。
The country has an area of 41288 sq km。 It could be contained in a circle with a radius of 115km。
Its largest city is Zurish, and the capital is Bern。 History In 58 B。C。 the Helvetii who inhabited the country (see Helvetia) were conquered by the Romans。
Invaded (5th cent。 A。D。) by the Alemanni and by the Burgundii, the area passed to the Franks in the 6th cent。
Divided (9th cent。) between Swabia and Transjurane Burgundy, it was united (1033) under the Holy Roman Empire。
The expanding feudal houses, notably Zähringen and Kyburg, were supplanted (13th cent。) by the houses of Hapsburg and of Savoy。
Hapsburg encroachments on the privileges of the three mountainous localities of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden resulted in the conclusion (1291) of a defensive league among them。
The legendary hero of this event is William Tell。 The league triumphed at Morgarten (1315) and, joined by Lucerne, Zürich, Zug, Glarus, and Bern, decisively defeated the Hapsburgs at Sempach (1386) and Näfels (1388)。
In the 15th cent。 the Swiss league rose to the first rank as a military power。 The conquest of Aargau, Thurgau, and the valleys of Ticino, which were ruled as subject territories until 1798, was followed by Swiss victories over Charles the Bold of Burgundy (1476–77) and over Emperor Maximilian I, who in 1499 granted Switzerland virtual independence。
By 1513, the admission to the confederation of Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel, Schaffhausen, and Appenzell had raised the number of cantons to 13, and this number was maintained until 1798。
The conquest by Bern of Vaud from Savoy (1536), and close alliances with the Grisons, Geneva, St。
Gall, and other towns and regions, further increased the Swiss orbit, but Switzerland's importance as a European power was broken in 1515 when the French defeated the Swiss at Marignano (see also Italian Wars)。
A “perpetual alliance” with France (1516) and neutrality became the basis of Swiss policy。 Swiss mercenaries, however, continued to serve abroad for three centuries (see Swiss Guards)。
The cantons, loosely bound by a federal diet and by individual treaties and often torn by internal feuds, were seriously split by the Reformation, preached by Zwingli at Zürich and by Calvin at Geneva。
The Catholics, led by the Four Forest Cantons, defeated the Protestants in battle; the Treaty of Kappel (1531) preserved Catholicism in Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Fribourg, and Solothurn。
National unity almost disappeared for more than two centuries, but religious divisions did not prevent the Swiss (except the Grisons) from remaining neutral throughout the Thirty Years War。
Switzerland was an island of prosperity when, in 1648, at the end of the war, its formal independence was recognized in the Peace of Westphalia。
5。 Culture Life Swiss culture has contribute notably to literature, art, and music。 It is an amalgam of German, French and Italian cultures embodied in Swiss linguistic regions, however, it is separated from these parent cultures, for example, by Swiss dialects and cultural cross-pollination。
From early times Switzerland has been exposed to many foreign influences and as early as the Middle Aged the country has achieved a high culture level。
The language communities eat different thing and have different traditions and customs。Even their shared history only goes back about two centuries。
The Swiss themselves are sometimes puzzled what they have in common apart from their passport,what it is that makes them Swiss。
The Swiss said they are held together by the desire to stay united。The general attitude is summed up in the formula ' unity,but not uniformity '。
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