古巴导弹危机

    Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in October 1962 that threatened all-out nuclear war。
     The dispute involved the Soviet placement of intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Cuba。
   On October 15, 1962, President John F。   Kennedy received a briefing from intelligence advisers informing him that the Soviet Union was installing intermediate-range ballistic missiles, medium-range bombers, in Cuba and sending more than 10,000 troops to that island nation。
     The Executive Committee of the National Security Council (known as Ex Comm) gave Kennedy four options。
   He could do nothing, use quiet diplomacy and not publicize the presence of the missiles, take the weapons out with an air strike, or impose a naval blockade against Cuba。
     The “do nothing” option was not feasible because Congress had already passed a joint resolution backing military action if offensive weapons were found in Cuba, and Republicans were using the possibility of the existence of such weapons against Democrats in the upcoming midterm (1962) congressional elections。
     Six members of the Ex Comm favored an air strike。 Kennedy decided against it because he thought American allies in Europe would not approve until other alternatives had been tried。
     Attorney General Robert Kennedy argued against bombing, calling the tactic “a Pearl Harbor in reverse。
  ” The State Department legal adviser argued that bombing would be a violation of international law。
     Moreover, there were logistical concerns。 The bombing could not be done by a single “surgical” strike; 500 or more missions would be required, destroying hundreds of targets to prevent missiles or aircraft from attacking the United States。
     The magnitude of the operation would lead to high casualties (provoking international outrage) and losses among the Soviet military, which might bring on military action by its forces against the United States。
     On October 17 Kennedy decided on a blockade, or “quarantine,” as his advisers called it, because a blockade is prohibited under international law unless a nation is at war。
     It would begin only with further shipments of missiles but if necessary could expand to cover civilian goods。
   Implementing it in stages would permit time for diplomacy to work。   The quarantine would take place near American waters, where the United States had overwhelming naval superiority。
   On October 22 Kennedy gave a televised speech to the nation in which he called the presence of the missiles “a change in the status quo which cannot be accepted by this country if our courage and our commitments are ever to be trusted again, by friend or foe。
    ” He described the threat to the United States, saying that “the purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere。
    ” He announced the quarantine and warned the Soviet Union that “it will be the policy of the United States Government to regard any missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack upon the United States by the Soviet Union, requiring a full retaliatory response。
    ” Soviet ships attempting to enter Cuban waters would be subject to search in international waters, and if Soviet ships tried to run the blockade, Kennedy would order American ships to fire on them。
     The following day the Council of the Organization of American States unanimously backed Kennedy's quarantine。
   For several days Soviet ships headed toward the blockade line and work on missile sites in Cuba accelerated。
     Then the ships stopped dead in the water, leading the members of the Ex Comm to think that the crisis was over。
   But one ship started again toward Cuba, and a Soviet air-defense missile battery shot down an American U-2 reconnaissance plane flying over Cuba, heating the crisis up again。
     The crisis was finally resolved by negotiations between President Kennedy and Soviet chairman Nikita Khrushchev。
   Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles if the President would pledge that the United States would not invade Cuba。
     Kennedy hinted, through Attorney General Robert Kennedy, that if the Soviets ended the crisis, the United States would remove intermediate-range missiles from bases in Turkey。
     On October 28, the Soviets agreed to withdraw their missiles (and accepted verification by United Nations observers)。
   The United States ended the quarantine and pledged not to invade Cuba。   The Soviets withdrew 42 missiles and 42 long-range bombers as well as 5,000 troops。
   They also removed weapons that the United States did not know were on the island: 9 short-range missiles equipped with nuclear warheads, which would have been used in case of an American invasion, and 36 nuclear warheads for use on the medium-range Soviet missiles。
     The short-range missiles could have been fired by local commanders, without authorization from Moscow, a possibility of which the American side was completely unaware。
     After the crisis ended, the Soviets kept in Cuba 37,000 of the 42,000 troops already there—a number far higher than American estimates during the crisis—as well as fighter planes and antimissile weapons。
     (The size of the Soviet commitments was not revealed to the American side until Soviet and American officials who had been involved in the crisis held a series of meetings between 1987 and 1992。
    ) American intermediate-range Jupiter missiles were withdrawn from Turkey and Italy。
   Kennedy pledged not to invade Cuba, but on December 14, 1962, he wrote to Khrushchev that the United States would require “adequate assurances that all offensive weapons are removed from Cuba and are not reintroduced, and that Cuba itself commits no aggressive acts against any of the nations of the Western Hemisphere。
    ” He thus left open the possibility that the United States might invade Cuba if these assurances were not received。
   古巴导弹危机(Cuban Missile Crisis) 1962年10月苏联在古巴建立导弹基地引起苏、美两国在加勒比海地区的尖锐冲突。  古巴独立后，1961年4月发生吉隆滩事件。
  苏联以“保卫古巴”为名，从1962年7月下半月开始，把进攻性导弹秘密运进古巴，以加强对美国的威慑力量。10月中旬，美国根据U—2型飞机的侦察，得知古巴正在修建针对美国的中、远程导弹发射场。10月22日，美国总统J．F．肯尼迪发表电视演说，宣布武装封锁古巴，要求苏联从古巴撤出进攻性武器，并威胁不惜使用武力，形成战争一触即发之势。
    23日肯尼迪又签发禁止进攻性武器运往古巴的公告，宣布从24日起，将拦截并强行检查可能前往古巴的舰船。同时，美国在古巴周围集中了大批武装力量，驻西欧和远东的美军也都处于高度戒备状态。
  美国在北大西洋公约组织和美洲国家组织中的盟国军队也进入戒备状态。与此同时，苏联、古巴和华沙条约国家也进行了相应准备。  苏联外交官否认在古巴有苏联导弹，并对肯尼迪讲话表示“震惊”。
  10月23日，苏联政府发表声明，表示要按苏、古协议继续用武器援助古巴，坚决拒绝美国拦截，对美国的威胁将进行最强烈的回击。但34日，苏联驶往古巴的船只却开始返航。25日，美国在联合国展示了在古巴的苏联导弹和发射场的照片。
    26日，H．C．赫鲁晓夫给肯尼迪一封秘密信件，提出愿在联合国监督下从古巴撤出进攻性武器，并表示不再向古巴运送这种武器，交换条件是美国撤销对古巴的封锁，并保证不再入侵古巴。
  27日，肯尼迪复信赫鲁晓夫并发表白宫声明,要求苏联在联合国监督下从古巴撤出导弹，美国保证不入侵古巴。  28日，赫鲁晓夫回函，表示已下令撤除在古巴的核武器，并同意让联合国代表到古巴核实。
  11月1日F．卡斯特罗·鲁斯发表电视演说，宣布拒绝联合国视察，并提出维护古巴主权和领土完整的5点要求。11月2-26日，苏联部长会议第一副主席A，H．米高扬到古巴同古巴领导人会谈，施加压力。  11月8-11日苏联从古巴运走了42枚导弹，并在公海上接受美国“船靠船的观察”。
  20日，肯尼迪宣布赫鲁晓夫答应将在30天内撤走在古巴的全部“伊尔-28型”轰炸机，同时宣布美国取消对古巴的海上封锁。12月6日，美国国防部宣布苏联轰炸机撤出古巴。至此，古巴导弹危机遂告结束。   。